Medical Microbiology and Immunology for Dentistry by Nejat Duzgunes

Author:Nejat Duzgunes
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: International Quintessence Publishing Group
Published: 2015-11-15T00:00:00+00:00

Fig 22-4 Gram stain of P aeruginosa (red arrow) and Acinetobacter baumannii (black arrow). (Reprinted with permission from Murray et al.)

Treatment is complicated, because Acinetobacter is resistant to many commonly prescribed antibiotics. Treatment decisions should be made on a case-by-case basis following in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing. Infection-control procedures, including hand hygiene and environmental cleaning, can prevent transmission.

Moraxella catarrhalis

Moraxella catarrhalis was classified previously with Neisseria, based on its coccobacillary morphology, oxidase positivity, and fastidious growth requirements (such as chocolate agar). It can cause bronchopneumonia, sinusitis, and otitis media. The bacterium is resistant to penicillins, but it is susceptible to cephalosporins, tetracycline, erythromycin, and the combination of penicillins with clavulanic acid as a β-lactamase inhibitor.

Bibliography

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Acinetobacter in Health-care Settings. www.cdc.gov/HAI/organisms/acinetobacter.html. Accessed 16 July 2015.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cholera: Diagnosis and Testing in Haiti. www.cdc.gov/haiticholera/diagnosistreatment.htm. Accessed 16 July 2015.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cholera in Haiti: One Year Later. www.cdc.gov/haiticholera/haiti_cholera.htm. Accessed 16 July 2015.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cholera Outbreak—Haiti, October 2010. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5943a4.htm?s_cid=mm5943a4_w. Accessed 16 July 2015.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Public Health Image Library. phil.cdc.gov. Accessed 4 August 2015.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vibrio parahaemolyticus. www.cdc.gov/vibrio/vibriop.html. Accessed 16 July 2015.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vibrio vulnificus. www.cdc.gov/vibrio/vibriov.html. Accessed 16 July 2015.

Morita Y, Tomida J, Kawamura Y. Responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antimicrobials. Front Microbiol 2014;4:422.

Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA. Medical Microbiology, ed 6. Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier, 2009.

Ryan KJ, Ray CG. Sherris Medical Microbiology, ed 5. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010.

Todar K. Todar’s Online Textbook of Bacteriology. http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net. Accessed 16 July 2015.

World Health Organization. Cholera. www.who.int/cholera/en/. Accessed 16 July 2015.

Take-Home Messages

• Vibrio are Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacilli with polar flagella.

• V cholerae O1 and O139 are the causative agents of classic cholera, which presents with an abrupt onset of watery diarrhea and vomiting a few days after ingestion.

• Cholera toxin causes hypersecretion of electrolytes and water. The hemagglutinin-protease dissolves the protective glycoprotein coating over intestinal cells.

• V parahaemolyticus is transmitted via contaminated seafood.

• V vulnificus causes wound or soft tissue infections as well as septicemia.

• Cholera patients must be treated with fluids and electrolytes before the fluid loss leads to hypovolemic shock.

• Aeromonas is a facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative bacillus and can cause diarrheal disease, opportunistic systemic disease, and wound infections.

• P aeruginosa is an aerobic, Gram-negative bacillus found in soil, decaying organic matter, and equipment for respiratory therapy and dialysis.

• P aeruginosa causes urinary tract infections, pneumonia (particularly in cystic fibrosis patients), burn-wound infections, and external ear infections.

• Pseudomonas exotoxin A inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating eukaryotic EF-2.

• B pseudomallei is a highly infectious bacterium that causes pulmonary disease.

• A baumannii can cause pneumonia as well as urinary tract and soft tissue infections, especially in health care settings.

• M catarrhalis causes bronchopneumonia, sinusitis, and otitis media.

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